SILENT WORKS · How Can We Make the Invisibilized Labor of AI-Capitalism Visible? · Artworks, Videos, Audios, and Texts · BG°2020 Project
I. Contents
Audio Documents
Preparing for the Berliner Gazette Winter School 2020, activists from “Berlin vs. Amazon” discussed how workers – that is, how we – can join forces against the rise of corporate power.
Researching their contribution to SILENT WORKS, Peng! talked with Joanna Bronowicka, a sociologist of work, discussing labor struggles inside the Lieferando empire. Moreover, Peng! also held interviews in the German language with an activist from the Free Workers Union Berlin (Sarah Bekker) and with a Lieferando rider in Berlin (Mo).
Paolo Podinski and Magdalena Taube talked to Giorgi Gago Gagoshidze about “The Invisible Hand of My Father” and to University of the Phoenix about “The Curse of Amazon” – their artistic contributions to SILENT WORKS.
If you want to listen to these audios, please scroll down to the AUDIO DOCUMENTS section below.
Photos
As preparation for the Berliner Gazette Winter School 2020, we organized a warm-up event at Modell Berlin on September 23 and a kickoff event at the transmediale on January 31. We have documented both events with photos.
To look at the photos in our flickr album, click on the photographer’s name: Andi Weiland.
II. Intro
Politicizing labor
AI-capitalism denies the labor that sustains it – more aggressively and systematically, but also more desperately than previous iterations of capitalism have. And it does so not only where AI has set out on a path of success – be it in North America, Europe, and China, or, to some degree, globally – and where self-learning algorithms are being deployed to organize digitized systems as varied as social media and policing.
AI-capitalism is also in the process of establishing its regime of hidden labor where AI is only projected to play an important role in the future. This happens when the mere appearance or fantasy of full automation is successfully promoted, for instance, by naturalizing infrastructure: as long as its appeal of frictionless functioning can be upheld, infrastructure can remain practically invisible, while – in the course of this – the (waged and unwaged) labor that it requires becomes almost imperceptible.
By pretending that labor is becoming extinct due to the rise of full automation, dominant narratives and power structures are concealing the fact that labor is undergoing deep transformations. Thus, labor as a buried reality needs to be excavated from beneath these very dominant narratives and power structures. How is labor changing? Is labor becoming a site of conflict and contestation in the course of this? If so, then the question is how unlocking and politicizing the hidden labor so essential to AI-capitalism can contribute to the struggles. At this critical juncture, the Berliner Gazette’s Winter School Program 2020 focused on “The Hidden Labor in AI-Capitalism” under the title SILENT WORKS.
Co-creating social space
Remaining accessible
Over the course of month-long onsite activities, the Winter School has provided access to essential resources and onsite processes in digital form on this website. The online resources include talks, artworks, and booklets, as well as audio and photo documents and projects that emerged during five three-day workshops.
Making a significant portion of its onsite program available online, the idea of the Berliner Gazette Winter School 2020 is to create a sustainable public archive of resources dealing with hidden labor in AI-capitalism – an idea that has gained ever greater urgency as world society has been undergoing one of its most severe crises in decades. The political, economic, and social consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic appear to make it more inevitable than ever to deal with the precarity of labor, especially vis-à-vis technocratic visions of full automation that are trying to reduce the risk posed to frictionless capitalism by disruptive (also read: contagious) humans.
Our program not only reflects this critical moment, but also provides timely impulses for struggles. It will remain accessible for years to come. Readers, viewers, and listeners will be able to look back while most likely still struggling to come to terms with what happened in 2020 when the so-called “Coronavirus crisis” caught us on the wrong foot.
Magdalena Taube and Krystian Woznicki, Berlin, November 30, 2020
III. Talks
Katja Schwaller
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‘Critical infrastructure’ has come to the foreground in the Covid-19 pandemic. Can the invisibilized work of people who are providing so-called essential services (inside this very infrastructure) become more visible in the course of this? If so, could this be an unexpected opportunity for labor struggles? San Francisco-based urban researcher Katja Schwaller is exploring these questions by focusing in particular on those areas of society where Big Tech is taking over. A tour to the dark side of Silicon Valley.
NoCyberValley
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“Europe’s largest research consortium in the field of artificial intelligence with partners from science and industry” is emerging in Tübingen, a traditional university town in Southern Germany. Under the name CyberValley, it aspires to become a global center for high technology and innovation – just like Silicon Valley in California. NoCyberValley, a loose alliance of activists who have initiated various forms of protest, is reclaiming research labor from the claws of AI-capitalism that delegates it to mice and ‘Amazon scholars.’
Sana Ahmad
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Every censored video clip and every comment flagged as spam goes back to simple binary thinking: appropriate/inappropriate. These decisions appear to be automated, while in fact thousands of workers in the back rooms of digital platforms are carrying out these tasks around the clock: so-called content moderators, who are the invisibilized labor force holding web services together. Doing a hard job under precarious conditions, their struggles in India’s IT sweatshops are the focus of Sana Ahmad’s research.
Jose Miguel Calatayud
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The “Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart” (CAPTCHA) is officially a mere “security measure,” asking users of “free” web services to identify themselves as human beings. Differentiating these users from bots, it silently forces users to do jobs intelligent machines cannot yet do (well enough). The hidden labor of identifying hardly legible words, blurred pictures or faces is only the tip of the iceberg. Jose Miguel Calatayud tackles this largely uncontested labor regime. See also below in the PROJECTS section.
Luise Meier
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In AI-capitalism the labor of the machine could be called – following Karl Marx’s theorization of the industrial revolution – inhuman labor. As in the industrial age, today’s inhuman labor in AI-driven industries such as finance, logistics, and, above all, web services, thrives only by extracting living, that is, human labor. Moreover, like back then, the more human labor it extracts, the more inhuman labor lives. Luise Meier tackles these largely invisibilized mechanisms, taking us on a tour of the dull, dangerous, and dirty routines of service work.
Peng!
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If Lieferando’s food delivery empire is representative of today’s AI-capitalism, then we are challenged to explore how we – as workers and also as users – can act within, against, and beyond this dehumanizing system of exploitation, extraction, and control. Who do you work for when your “boss” is an app? How do you go about demanding sick leave, minimum wage, and a safe job environment when a self-learning algorithm is in control? Peng! urges us to grapple with these urgent questions – and to collectively act.
Masha Burina
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The origin of the term robot is the Czech word ‘robota,’ which can be translated as ‘compulsory labor.’ A hundred years ago, people imagined that this work was “dull, dangerous, dirty” – essentially, work that could not be performed by humans and had to be delegated to machines. Masha Burina asks: where do the boundaries between (invisibilized) ‘compulsory labor’ and freely chosen work lie today?
Benjamin Heisenberg
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Promoting AI, the film industry pushes automation’s last mile ever further – the last tasks in the automation process that cannot be carried out by machines. For instance, AI-based image production is still backed up by a huge number of editors manually creating 3D processes, character animations, and other CGI effects. Benjamin Heisenberg shows that the human worker remains both the creative beginning and the necessary final link of an artistic-industrial process.
Yonatan Miller
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When our boss is an algorithm, we as workers are prevented from meeting each other and organizing ourselves. Nonetheless, we are challenged to rise up together, establishing local grassroots networks and reinventing traditional representative structures such as labor unions. Doing so, how can we actively shape the future of labor struggles and of labor as such? Yonatan Miller explores the challenges of sustainable organizing from a practical viewpoint.
IV. Artworks
Diego De la Vega
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Awesome has emerged as one of the biggest profiteers of the Covid-19 pandemic, transforming its AI-savvy food logistics empire into “critical infrastructure.” Meanwhile, workers are being romanticized as an “essential” labor force in order to hold their bargaining power in check: “heroes” are expected to sacrifice themselves for “the greater good” rather than go on strike. Diego De la Vega’s mockumentary focuses on the perspectives of workers, consumers and activists regarding Awesome’s potential to open in NYC after its controversial withdrawal at the beginning of the year. Read more about Diego de la Vega’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 10-12).
Melanie Gilligan
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As per the status quo care workers make up an “essential” part of “critical infrastructure.” As long as this seemingly automated infrastructure functions in a frictionless fashion, it remains almost imperceptible; in the course of this, it contributes to literally invisibilizing the very workers sustaining it. In contrast, Melanie Gilligan’s video presents care workers as an integral but neglected part of (social) infrastructure, prompting viewers to think about how societies could ensure that they remain visible, recognized, and valued for the indispensable work they do. Read more about Melanie Gilligan’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 19-21).
eeefff
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Every censored video clip and every comment flagged as spam goes back to simple binary thinking: appropriate/inappropriate. These decisions appear to be automated, while in fact thousands of workers in the back rooms of digital platforms are carrying out these tasks around the clock: so-called content moderators, who are the invisibilized labor force holding web services together. Doing a hard job under precarious conditions, their struggles in India’s IT sweatshops are the focus of Sana Ahmad’s research.
University of the Phoenix
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The curse woven by an uncertain number of Mechanical Turk workers to abolish Amazon was encoded by these very workers in text fragments into Amazon’s empire, sometimes appearing visibly in the user comments of Amazon’s hegemonic marketplace, at other times smuggled into code and laced throughout the vast netherworld of Amazon’s servers. When assembled in a digital form (as it is throughout Amazon’s empire), the curse is extremely powerful. Preserving the curse in analog form for purposes of research and study, University of the Phoenix produced a video teaser accompanying the actual installation at the onsite exhibition. Read more about it in the booklet (pp. 36-37).
Peng!
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Disguised as employees of a fictional state authority (“Federal Office for Crisis Protection and Economic Assistance”), Peng! phoned Lieferando – Germany’s food delivery monopolist. Because the managing director thought he was talking to the government, Peng! was able to chat with him for 43 minutes about the working conditions in his AI-savvy delivery empire. Bluntly admitting that his company’s profits are only possible by keeping works councils out, he was also kind enough to provide instructions on how workers’ councils can build up pressure on delivery companies. To this end, please share Peng!’s flyer. Moreover, read about Peng!’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 28-29).
Kalulé / Kanngieser
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AI is tasked to apprehend and master the unknowable. This is a police function; AI becomes an operation of the force of the law, perpetuated intentionally, yet imperceptibly. Critically exploring AI labor practices, Petero Kalulé and AM Kanngieser’s audio essay tackles the teaching, training, and supervising of AI and how they are circumscribed under an AI design and ethics program. They look at online platform content moderators and how their knowledge as subjects of labor is programmed, classed, and unhumaned on an ongoing basis as a part of a global capitalist imaginary. Read more about Petero Kalulé and AM Kanngieser’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 30-32).
Benjamin Heisenberg
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Today’s capitalist world reinforces the assumption that humans are no longer key to its inner workings. Supposedly, things are run by the AI version of Adam Smith’s “invisible hand” – an inhuman power that is watching from beneath the clouds. But who valorizes what it sees? Who valorizes its gaze as such? Reworking Hitchcock’s impossible image from “The Birds,” Benjamin Heisenberg explores the labor of looking in AI-capitalism and prompts us (as laborers) to renegotiate our function for the invisible hand, showing that – despite assertions to the contrary – it continues to need humans to develop its inhuman power. Read about Heisenberg’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 7-9).
oddviz
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Working with AI, art is not simply an autonomous product of intelligent machines, but in fact a product of human-machine symbiosis. Here, artistic labor is not least challenged to re-negotiate the boundaries between sleep and sleeplessness. Based on the night work of graffiti writers, oddviz’s labor-intensive video mimics the work of (sleepless) machine learning algorithms that organize the digitized world according to patterns: the capitalist realism of gentrification recoded as the AI surrealism of a collaboration that is yet to come between work and dreams. Read more about oddviz’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 26-28).
SSBKYH
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In their quest for protection during the Covid-19 pandemic, cities are turning to masks – and consequently initiating a retreat into “solitary facelessness.” This confounds the very grounds on which facial recognition technology (FRT) rests. Now that people are covering their faces with masks in public (also read: monitored) spaces, they present a disruption to the technology’s preconditional order. Equipped with FRT, Shinseungback Kimyonghun’s mirror questions our relationship to our face as capital, and our looking as labor that AI technologies can render into value – or can’t. Read more about this contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 28-29).
NoCyberValley
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In a discursive environment, which corresponds to the imperative of economic-technological transformation, any criticism of it becomes an integral part of the resistance against the silencing of protest and labor struggles. Against this backdrop, NoCyberValley unlock the different voices of the protest against “Europe’s largest research consortium in the field of artificial intelligence.” Exhibited onsite in the visual diary “unmuted,” the (German-language) audio supplement samples everyday people arguing about the future of technology and the city. Read more about NoCyberValley’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 23-25).
Into the Black Box
What is inside the Amazon warehouses that can be seen next to the highways? How does an Amazon Locker located in a supermarket work? How do a delivery girl, a truck driver, a picker, an Amazon technician work? Following their objective of reconstructing the transformations that Amazon is spearheading in the world of work, Into the Black Box’s multimedia cartography not only enables an elaborate critique of the Amazon model and its restructuring of labor, but also offers a glimpse into the potential for labor struggles yet to come. Check out this supplement to the onsite installation (view above). And read more about Into the Black Box’s contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 17-18).
metroZones
AI-savvy tech companies like Amazon are acting as urban developers, offering municipalities to provide and manage their basic infrastructure services in times of budgetary constraints. metroZones’ mixed media installation focuses on the economic, geographic, or social peripheries of this rising tech urbanism – be it the suburbs that are being transformed into a logistics hinterland, or the invisibilized multitude of bogus self-employed laborers who continuously process all kinds of online orders or drive them through the city. Check out this supplement to the onsite installation (view above). Read about metroZones’ contribution to SILENT WORKS in the booklet (pp. 21-23).
V. Projects
Setting
Undoubtedly the heart of the SILENT WORKS conference, five workshops brought activists, researchers, and cultural workers from more than 20 countries together. To tackle the hidden labor in AI-capitalism, the workshops took five different approaches: AAI; CAPTCHA Factory; Dull, Dangerous + Dirty; Logistical Noir; and Invisible Organization.
Using Big Blue Button, an open source alternative to corporate ‘data surveillance’ tools like Zoom, participants of the three-day online workshops (November 12-14) were invited to come up with cooperative projects. The resulting workshop projects are now available as online resources and include multimedia stories and utopian scenarios. Please check out the columns on the right hand side and at the bottom.
AAI
The term Artificial Artificial Intelligence (AAI) is intended to shed light on the fact that AI only appears to work autonomously. In reality, human labor is required to create this magical appearance of technological autonomy. For this purpose, millions of micro tasks are distributed to workers via platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk. Their flexible ‘daily work’ impels one to think about the future of labor as such. Is a liberation from rigid structures under way, or are new forms of instrumentalization and control emerging?
Felix Diefenhardt, Aslı Dinç, Gosia Jagiello, Holger Kral, Nelli Kambouri, Katrin Kämpf, Aude Launay, Darija Medic, Shintaro Miyazaki, Felix Nickel, Andreas Schneider, Catherine Sotirakou, Mira Wallis, and Jutta Weber looked for answers to this question. The resulting workshop projects are bundled under the title “The Hidden Human Labor Behind AI.”
CAPTCHA Factory
It has become a daily routine that users of ‘free web services’ have to identify themselves as human beings. You are tested as to whether you are not a bot by being asked to identify hardly legible words (e.g. “type the letters above”), blurred pictures (e.g. “select all squares with traffic lights”) or faces (e.g. “identify these people”). Such a “Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart” (CAPTCHA) silently enables the outsourcing of tasks that AI cannot yet do (well enough).
Jose Miguel Calatayud, Géraldine Delacroix, Monisha Caroline Martins, Julia Molin, Rebecca Puchta, Lira Ramadani, André Rebentisch, Sotiris Sideris, and Cagri Taskin responded to this practically uncontested regime of labor with a project entitled “I Swear, I am not a Robot!” and – in French translation – entitled “Plaidoyer pour des captchas éthiques.”
Dull, Dangerous + Dirty
One hundred years ago, robots were supposed to take over jobs from humans that were considered dull, dangerous, and dirty. However, automation during the industrial revolution did not accomplish this promise; until the present day, humans are doing “inhuman labor” – either because machines require their assistance (even to the degree that humans become an integral part of a machine’s mechanism) or because humans are still cheaper and more efficient than costly and maintenance-intensive machines. How will this situation look twenty years from now?
Sana Ahmad, Desmond Alugnoa, Sabrina Apitz, Miriam Arentz, Susanne Braun, Masha Burina, Kerstin Guhlemann, Friederike Habermann, hvale, Kevin Rittberger, Martina Staneva, and Dzina Zhuk responded to this question with a movie pitch, asking in return “What if Invisibilized Workers Reclaimed the Future?”
Logistical Noir
AI-savvy companies are expanding their logistical networks into every corner of the world. Increasingly, they rely on their employees to become assistants of intelligent machines that keep immaterial and material products, goods, and resources moving – like workers at Amazon warehouses who are subjected to the instructions of self-learning algorithms. In this context, possible futures of work are negotiated through new forms of refusal to work (loosely based on the motto: I am not a robot!). Which labor struggles bring light into logistical noir?
Jochen Becker, Niccolò Cuppini, Régine Debatty, Katharina Höne, Ela Kagel, Tanja Krone, Jacopo Ottaviani, Oliver Lerone Schultz, Juliane Rettschlag, Gabriele Schliwa, Nicolay Spesivtsev, and Mathana looked for answers to this question. One of the resulting workshop projects is entitled “They Don’t Give You Tips Anymore.”
Invisible Organization
Well-organized workers are the nightmare of capital because laborers are supposed to be docile not demanding, for the sake of frictionless production and circulation. This is why corporations and states have continuously been trying to suppress, combat or co-opt unions and similar kinds of worker organization. Today, capital’s desperate quest for frictionlessness is mirrored in self-learning algorithms that detect the word “union” in workers’ private communications. Is this reason enough to abandon the union model and resort to forms of invisible organization?
Lara Luna Bartley, Mika Buljevic, Juan Caballero, Alina Floroi, Clara Gambaro, Max Haiven, Yonatan Miller, Barbara Orth, Zoran Pantelić, Marta Peirano, Jaron Rowan, Gustavo Sanroman, Brett Scott, and Laura Wadden looked for answers to this question. You can access the resulting workshop project by clicking on the title “Work, Care, and Invisible Organization.”
VI. Audio Documents
Giorgi Gago Gagoshidze
Paolo Podinski (GlobalistaRadioKit) and Magdalena Taube (co-curator of SILENT WORKS) talked to Giorgi Gago Gagoshidze about “The Invisible Hand of My Father” – his artistic contribution to SILENT WORKS that passes through recent economic regimes governed by invisibible hands. You can listen to it by pressing the play-button below.
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University of the Phoenix
Paolo Podinski talked to Max Haiven and Cassie Thornton from the University of the Phoenix about “The Curse of Amazon” – their artistic contribution to SILENT WORKS. It preserves a curse that was encoded by MTurk workers into Amazon’s empire in order to destroy it. You can listen to it by pressing the play-button below.
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Berlin vs. Amazon
Preparing for the Berliner Gazette Winter School 2020, activists from “Berlin vs. Amazon” discussed how workers – that is, how we – can join forces against the rise of corporate power. The talk also touched on the question how the “Berlin Tech Workers Coalition” can contribute to this struggle. You can listen to it by pressing the play-button below.
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Joanna Bronowicka
While researching their contribution to SILENT WORKS (see ARTWORKS section above), Peng! talked with Joanna Bronowicka, a sociologist of work, discussing labor struggles inside the Lieferando empire. You can listen to it by pressing the play-button below.
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Sarah Bekker
Moreover, Peng! also held interviews in the German language with activists, including Sarah Bekker from the Free Workers Union Berlin (German: Freie ArbeiterInnen-Union; abbreviated FAU). You can listen to it by pressing the play-button below.
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Mo
Peng! held an andditional interview in the German language with Mo, a Lieferando rider in Berlin, about worker organization against Lieferando’s dehumanizing system of exploitation and control. You can listen to it by pressing the play-button below.
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VII. Dossiers
Essays
In an introductory essay, Berliner Gazette founding editors Magdalena Taube and Krystian Woznicki explore the hidden labor in AI-capitalism, in the course of which they describe the ideas behind the SILENT WORKS project and present the questions the project intends to raise. This text is indebted to the collective findings from previous Berliner Gazette projects, including “Ambient Revolts” (2018) and “More World” (2019). To access the text in English, visit Mediapart. The German version is available on Berliner Gazette.
Under the impression of the COVID-19 pandemic Magdalena Taube and Krystian Woznicki wrote a postscript to the introductory essay inquiring what it means to be “Working, Working Together, and Networking During the Web-Hype of the Pandemic” and how – along the way – we can debunk AI-capitalism’s myths. In a separate postscript Krystian Woznicki explores health and care work “On the Edges of Democracy.”
Interviews
Documenting the explosion of labor struggles as the invisibilized work of people who provide essential services is coming to the fore in the Covid-19 pandemic, our series of interviews brings together findings from within emergencies in Austria, India, Italy, US, Japan, and Venezuela, among others. Please read the following interviews that were published in our SILENT WORKS blog on Mediapart.fr.
Dario Azzellini about capitalism’s system error as “disaster” and opportunity for labor struggles; Christine Braunersreuther about why the “system relevance” of care workers can no longer be denied; Sujatha Byravan about what the lockdown during the Covid-19 pandemic means for mobile laborers in India; Niccolò Cuppini about the explosion of authoritarianism and labor struggles in Italy’s “War on Corona;” Evelina Gambino about labor struggles in logistical landscapes; Kerstin Guhlemann about health protection in Industry 4.0 and humans as a disruptive factor; Angela Mitropoulos about the hidden labor of saving lives and saving capitalism; Tom Holert about learning as labor and re-inventing the school along the lines of the factory; Eiji Oguma about why the “robotization of care work in Japan” is a misleading myth; Katja Schwaller about how work is becoming a political issue during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Beiträge auf Deutsch
Exklusiv in der Berliner Gazette zu lesen: “Die ‘Caring Crowd’: Wenn hinter dem Label KI eigentlich digitale Heimarbeit steckt” von Moritz Altenried, Manuela Bojadžijev, Mira Wallis, “An/Greifbar: Warum BerlinerInnen gegen die digitale Kolonialisierung ihrer Stadt aufbegehren” von Jochen Becker, “Gespenster des KI-Kapitalismus: Was es bedeutet, Geistesarbeiter*in in agilen Environments zu sein” von Timo Daum, “Wo beginnt der Krieg? Widerstände gegen militärisch-industrielle Forschungs-Black-Boxes” von Christian Heck, “Wer arbeitet im Maschinenpark? Logistik, Künstliche Intelligenz und die Infrastruktur des Alltags” von Alexander Klose, “Abschaffung der Arbeit? Künstliche Intelligenz, Kapitalismus und Transhumanismus” von Janina Loh, “Unsichtbar gemachte Entscheider*innen: Content-Moderation, KI und Arbeitskämpfe im Internet” von Darija Medić, “Kritisieren, Träumen und Gestalten: Wie gegen den KI-Kapitalismus ankämpfen?” von Shintaro Miyazaki, “Arbeitskämpfe in Europa: Neubeginn einer Bewegung oder letztes Aufbäumen?” von Jörg Nowak, “Tasten, Tippen, Tappen, Wischen, Klicken: Zur Un-/Sichtbarkeit der Arbeit von Fingern” von Rebecca Puchta und “Kybernetische Proletarisierung: Wie in der Pandemie existierende Konflikte verschärft werden” von Simon Schaupp.
Die Einleitungsessays sowie die englischsprachigen Interviews sind auch in der Berliner Gazette erschienen. Eine Übersicht aller Beiträge findet sich hier.
VIII. About
Curators
Venue
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